

Finally, online questionnaires and interviews completed the critical reflection and discussion.

Thirdly, the concepts for ASB resulting from three parallel workshops were analyzed. Secondly, the importance of systemic and speculative design is affirmed by exploring existing HMI designs for ASB. This work first reviewed related literature in three categories: internal, external, and station of the ASB. However, the unpredictability and complexity of autonomous driving, an exceptionally fast-growing technology, have hindered its future study. As the driver’s role gradually decreases and disappears, the Human–Machine Interface (HMI) for information exchange and communication between users and ASB takes a more prominent role and progressively becomes a hotspot in research. Automated Shuttle buses (ASB) are considered an essential and sustainable direction for the future application of autonomous driving technology in public transportation.
